Over the last 20 years we have met and come to know a wonderful collection of composers and presented their music in galleries, recital and concert halls, private homes, educational institutions, at festivals and award ceremonies and in the studio.
Since 1998 Halcyon has championed new contemporary vocal chamber music, forging connections with composers both here and across the globe, in the search for the best of new contemporary chamber music for voice. The ensemble has commissioned, performed and recorded works by many highly esteemed Australian composers.
It’s wonderful to work alongside living composers, and we are privileged to have brought to life extraordinary new pieces by some of the best contemporary writers of vocal music, in addition to staging international masterworks such as George Crumb’s Ancient Voices of Children, Berio’s Folksongs, Kaija Saariaho’s Grammaire des Reves, Unsuk Chin’s Akrostichon-Wortspiel, Steve Reich’s Tehillim, Trevor Wishart’s Vox II, Claude Vivier's Bouchara, Györgi Ligeti’s Sippál, Dobbál, Nádihegedüvel…. and many more. Follow the links below to find out more about the composers, the works and the performances, and to buy/listen to the tracks themselves.
Performed Repertoire
C = Commissioned WP = World Premiere AP = Australian Premiere
Australian Composers
Name | Title | Type | Instrumentation | Buy |
Abbott | No ordinary traveller (2006) | WP, C | ms, cl, perc, pf | buy |
Abbott | Follow me through the shadow (2013) | WP, C | s, ms, vc | buy |
Abbott | The Domestic Sublime Pt 1 (2011) | s, pf | ||
Abbott | The Domestic Sublime Pt 2 (2011) | s, pf | ||
Abbott | It is just the heart (2006) | WP | sop, str4t | |
Adams | Sometimes snow fell, sometimes darkness... (2013) | WP, C | s, ms, a fl | buy |
Atherton | Of Stone and Silence (2008) | WP, C | s, ms, cl, vc, pf | |
Blom | Triptych (war letters) (2015) | WP, C | s, ms, b, va, pf, perc | buy |
Boyd | Cycle of Love (1981) | ms, a fl, vc, pf | ||
Brophy | When Peacocks Dance (2014) | WP, C | s, ms, fl, cl, pf | |
Butterley | Orphei Mysteria (2008) | WP, C | s, ms, fl, cl, ob, gui, vn, va, vc | buy |
Butterley | Nature changes at the speed of life (2014) | WP, C | s, vc | buy |
Butterley | Carmina: Four Latin Poems of Spring (1968, rev. 1990) | ms, fl, ob, cl, hn, bsn | ||
Butterley | Three Whitman Songs (2005) | WP | s, pf | |
Calcraft | Stephanos (2002) | WP, C | s, ms, electro-acoustic hp, ampl. pf | |
Calcraft | Verathmende, Schillernde, Blitzende... (2014) | WP, C | s, fl, vc | buy |
Clement | Fracture (2000) | AP | ms, fl, vc, pf | buy |
Dargaville | Kolam, Movt III (2014) | pf | ||
Dean | Toy Language 1 (2010) | WP, C | ms, tpt, pf, acousmatic material, live processing | |
Dean | Toy Language 2 (2010) | WP, C | ms, acousmatic material, live processing | |
Dean | Wordspotting (2010) | WP, C | ms, tpt, pf, acousmatic material, live processing | |
Dean | Akurra: Lives in a new world (2012) | WP, C | s, ms, acousmatic material, live processing | |
Dean | Literature and A Child is a Grub from Poems and Prayers (2006) | ms, pf | ||
Drummond | Book of Changes III (2012) | WP, C | s, ms, live processing | |
East | The Voice of the Shuttle (2005) | WP, C | ms, fl, ob, cl, hn, bsn, 2 vn, va, vc, db | |
Edwards | The Tranquil Mind (2013) | WP, C | s, ms, cl, vc | |
Edwards | Dance Mantras and Alleluyahs (2008 version) | WP | 2 s, 2 ms, ensemble | |
Edwards | Mantras and Alleluyas (2007) I Alleluya, Dance Mantra II The Light of Compassion III Sancti Spiritus adsit nobis | WP | s, ms, mixed choir | |
Edwards | Prelude and Laughing Rock (2003) | vc | ||
Edwards | Five Senses: 5 poems of Judith Wright (2012) | WP | ms, pf, perc | |
Edwards | Maninya I (1981 rev. 1985) | ms, vc | buy | |
Edwards | Maninya V (1985) | ms, pf | buy / listen | |
Edwards | The Hermit of Green Light (1979) | ms, pf | ||
Edwards | The Harp and the Moon (2008) | hp | ||
Edwards | Water Spirit Song (2003) | vc | ||
Edwards | Interlude from Koto Dreaming (2003) | koto | ||
Finsterer | Sentence for dinner (1986) | s, fl | ||
Ford | Willow Songs (2009) | WP, C | s, ms, fl, cl, perc, pf | buy / listen |
Ford | To My Excellent Lucasia, on our Friendship (2013) | WP, C | s, ms, b cl, vib | buy |
Ford | "Once upon a time there were two brothers…” (2013) | ms, fl | ||
Ford | Snatches of Old Lauds from Hamlet (2002) | cl, vc | ||
Ford | Nature (2019) | WP, C | ms, fl/picc, gui, vc, perc, tabla | |
Ford | Epithalamium (1991) | WP | ms, st4t | |
Ford | Hymn of the Garden (2020): A prologue | WP | ms, vc | |
Gifford | Spell Against Sorrow (2003) | ms, gtr | ||
Greenbaum | Opalescence (2013) | WP | s, ms, vc, vib | buy |
Greenbaum | Songs of Sleep (1998/2006) | WP | ms,hp; s, hp; ms, hp | |
Gyger | And I heard a voice out of heaven (2007) | AP | ms, bar, mixed choir | |
Gyger | From the hungry waiting country (2006/09) | WP, C | 2 s, 2 ms, hp | |
Gyger | This Kind of Life: a culinary correspondance (2018) | WP, C | s, ms, fl, cl, vc, pf, hp | |
Gyger | giving voice (2012) | WP, C | ms, pf | |
Gyger | giving voice (2012) | WP, C | ms, fl, ob, gtr, va, vc | |
Gyger | The Pleiades at Midnight (2013) | WP, C | s, ms, picc/b fl, vc, perc | buy |
Gyger | Un poilu australien (2015) | WP, C | ms, b, va, pf, perc | buy |
Gyger | Petit Testament (2008) | WP | s, ms, pf | buy |
Gyger | autobiochemistry (2019) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Hair | Octet with voices (2005) | AP | 2 s, 2 ms, str4t | |
Hair | All about Anna (2013) | WP, C | s, ms, fl/picc, vib | buy |
Hair | O Venezia (2004) | AP | 2 s, 2 ms, hp | buy |
Hair | Five Senses (2005) | WP | 2 s, 2 ms, str4t | |
Hair | Yigdal (2010) | WP | s, ms | |
Harris | ...inside the rainbow air...(2002) | AP | ms, pf | buy |
Harris | Sleep O Beloved (2001) | AP | 2 s, 2 ms, perc | |
Harrison | Aster I and Aster II from Aster (1995 rev. 2014) | AP | ms solo | |
Harrison | Little Gifts from Little Gifts (1996) | AP | ms, cl | |
Harrison | with what do winter's summers sing?' (2004) | AP | ms, pf | |
Harrison | Ethne's lullaby (2010/2020) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Henderson | Lovely how lives (2012) | WP, C | s, ms, pf | |
Henderson | Lovely how lives (2012) | WP, C | s, ms, ob, vc, pf, hp | |
Henderson | I lost a world the other day (2014) | WP, C | ms, vc | buy |
Hindson | Insect Songs (1998) | ms, gui | ||
Holley | First Light (2020) | ms solo | ||
Jordan | Memory (song cycle) (2001) | WP, C | s, ms, pf | |
Kats-Chernin | Purple Patch (1998) | solo gui | ||
Kats-Chernin | Moondust (2019) | WP, C | ms, fl, vc, perc | |
Kerry | Goodison Quartet no. 1: Country Music (2004) | AP | ms, st4t | |
Kerry | Music (La Musique) (2013) | WP, C | s, ms, cl, vc, vib | buy |
Kerry | Three Malouf Songs (2016) | WP, C | ms, vn, vc, pf | |
Kerry | Sappho's Reply (1994) | AP | s, s, ms | |
Kerry | My Sorrow's Flower (2020) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Kotlowy | Mitithi (2014) | WP, C | s, ms, fl, cl, pf | |
Lam | The Art of Disappearing (2018) | WP, C | ms, st 4t | |
Lam | Persephone as a Whistling Moth (2020/2022) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Lumsdaine | A Tree Telling of Orpheus (1990) | s, fl, cl, vn, va, vc | ||
Lumsdaine | Fire in Leaf and Grass (1990) | AP | s, cl | |
Marcellino | A Strange Kind of Paradise (2010) | WP, C | s, s, ms, ms, hp | buy |
Marcellino | Turbulent Passions Calm (2014) | WP, C | s, ms, a fl, vib | buy |
March | Ophelie (2007) | WP, C | s, ms, bar, fl, va, hp, per | |
March | Sea-blue bird (2013) | WP, C | s, ms, fl, vc, vib | buy |
Martin | Wimmera Song Cycle (2010) | WP, C | s, ms, fl, vc, pf | buy |
Martin | Carmina Gaedelica (1999) | 2 s, 2 ms | buy | |
McCombe | Halcyon (1994) | ms, gui | ||
Mellos | Morning from Songs for a Day (2014 rev. 2015) | ms, vc | ||
Milliken | Kazoku (solo vocal work (2019), adapted by the composer from Earth Plays Movt III: Gohyaku-Rakan (2015) | WP, C | ms solo | |
Moles | Mantoux (2020) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Murphy | Dearest Mother...' (2015) | WP, C | s, va, pf | buy |
Murphy | Ghosts (2020) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Page | Apollinaire songs (2002 version) | WP, C | ms, fl, cl, va, vc, pf | buy |
Page | Sonetos del Amor Oscuro (2004) | WP, C | s, ensemble and tape | buy |
Page | Aquila's Wing (2014) | WP, C | s, ms | buy |
Page | Hrafnsongvar (2001) | WP | s, vc, pf, hp | buy |
Page | Garden (2006) | koto | ||
Page | Being and Time III: Paradiso (2015) | vc and dice | ||
Peterson | The Return (2004) | WP, C | s, ms, perc, pf | |
Peterson | See, the Prismatic Colors Glisten (2013) | WP, C | s, ms, cl, vc, vib | buy |
Peterson | Of Quiet Places (1998) - extracts | ms, gui | ||
Redmond | a dance with a jelly-fish (2022) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Reid | The Wagtail (2020) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Ricketson | Seven Relics (2002) | s, vc | ||
Robbie | Damp leaves and Conversation (2002)WP | WP, C | s, ms, fl, cl, va, vc, pf | |
Robbie | The Change (2006) | WP, C | s, ms, fl, cl, vn, vc, pf | |
Schultz | I am writing in this book... (2011) | WP, C | s, ms, vc, db, hp, pf, perc | |
Schultz | Lake moonrise op.94 (2013) | WP, C | ms, cl in A, vc, vib | buy |
Schultz | Prelude and postscript p.100, no. 1 (2015) | WP, C | pf | |
Schultz | Dark Chair (2013) | WP | s, ms, b cl, db, vib | |
Schultz | Ditties (1983) - extracts | ms, gui | ||
Schultz | Flock of Angels op. 110a (2020) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Schultz | Paradise op. 95 (2013) | WP | s, vc, pf | |
Schultz | To the Evening Star (2009) | s, pf | ||
Sitsky | A Feast of Lanterns (2013) | WP | ms, pf | |
Sitsky | A Feast of Lanterns II (2015 chamber version) | WP, C | ms, vn, vc, pf, perc | |
Sitsky | Letter from the Trenches (2015) | WP, C | ms, va, pf, perc | buy |
Sitsky | Two Songs on a C-Pedal (2020) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Sitsky | Two Li-Po Settings (2016)WP | WP, C | ms, fl | |
Sitsky | The Jade Flute from Two Li-Po Settings (2016) | ms, fl | ||
Sitsky | The Bamboo Flute from Two Li-Po Settings (2016) | ms, fl | ||
Smalley | Piano Trio (1991) | vn, vc, pf | ||
Stanhope | My Love in her Attire (2013) | WP, C | s, cl, perc | buy |
Stanhope | Shadow Dancing (2001) | cl, va, pf | ||
Stanley | Maiden Aunts (2003) | WP, C | s, ms, va, cl, pf | |
Stanley | Round the Bay (2013) | WP, C | ms, fl, vc, vib | buy |
Styles | Starfish (2020) | WP, C | ms, vc | |
Sutherland | Judith Wright settings (1967) | ms, pf | ||
Taylor-Newling | Ombrone (2014) | WP | ms solo | |
Taylor-Newling | Stars (2014) | WP | ms, vc | |
Taylor-Newling | After Dark (2019-20) | WP | ms, vc | |
Vines | Torrid Nature Scene (2008) | AP, C | s, ms, fl, hn, vn, va, vc, hp, perc, pf | |
Vines | A King's Manifesto (2014) | WP, C | s, vc, perc | buy |
Vines | Jury's Din (2010) | fl, vc | ||
Walker | King Ludwig’s Swans (2004/09) | WP, C | 2 s, 2 ms, hp | buy |
Walker | The Mystic Blue (2014) | WP, C | ms, a fl, vib | buy |
Wesley-Smith | Uluru song (1993) | ms, vc | ||
White | Song (Amores I) (1998) | ms, pf | ||
Whitehead | Because of the Child (2013) | AP | ms solo | |
Whitehead | All One Water (2014) | WP, C | s, ms, perc | buy |
Whitehead | Bright Forms Return (1980) | ms, str4t | ||
Whitehead | Nga Haerenga (The Journeys) (2000) | 2 s, 2 ms, perc, narrator | ||
Whitehead | These isles your dream (1983) | ms, va, pf | ||
Whitehead | Girl with a Guitar (2000) | AP | ms, vc, pf | |
Yu | Four Haiku (1992) | s, pf | ||
Yu | Three Haiku (1987) | ms, vc |
International Composers
Name | Title | Type | Instrumentation |
Adamcyk | Avant la larme (2006) | AP | s, sax, pf, electronics |
Adès | Court Studies from The Tempest (2005) | AP | cl, vln, vc, pf |
Aho | Rakkaus on Musta Leijona (2003) | AP | 2 s, 2 ms |
Andrew | luna-cy (2001) | AP | 2 s, ms |
Andrew | Criosda liom a cadal (2006) | AP | ms, mixed choir |
Andrew | hammock (2008) | AP | ms, vc |
Andrew | fruitsongs (2000) | AP | ms, gui |
Andrew | The Song of Doves (2006) | AP | s, 2 ms |
Andrew | ojo (2004/07) | AP | 2 s, ms |
Andriessen | Die Stijl (1985) | 2 s, 2 ms, ensemble | |
Barber | Hermit Songs (1952-3) | s, ms, pf | |
Beamish | Buzz (1993) | AP | s, va |
Beamish | Sonnet (1986/1998) | AP | s, fl, ca, pf |
Bedford | Come in here child (1968) | s, pf | |
Beeson | 2 Poems of Edna St Vincent Millay (1992) | AP | ms, pf |
Benjamin | Upon silence (1991) | AP | ms, 2 va, 3 vc, 2 db |
Berio | Folksongs (1964) | ms, fl, cl, 2 perc, hp, va, vc | |
Berkeley | Typewriter Music (2014) | WP | ms, vc |
Berkeley | Winter Fragments (1996) | AP | ms, fl/picc, ob/ca, cl/bcl, hp, vn, va, vc |
Birtwistle | 9 Settings of Celan (1998) | AP | s, 2 cl, va, vc, db |
Britten | Phaedra (1975) | ms, 3 perc, hpd, strings | |
Bryars | Laude 2 from Laude Cortonese (2002-04) | s solo | |
Bryars | Laude 17 from Laude Cortonese (2002-04) | s solo | |
Bryars | Laude 29 from Laude Cortonese (2002-04) | s, db | |
Bryars | Laude 7 from Laude Cortonese (2002-04) | 2 s, ms | |
Bryars | The Adnan Songbook (1996) | AP | s, cl, gui, 2 va, vc, db |
Cage | A Flower & The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs | s, closed piano | |
Carter | Voyage (1943) | ms, pf | |
Carter | Alba (1952) from Poems of Louis Zukofsky (2008) | s, cl | |
Chin | Akrostichon-Wortspiel (1991/93) | AP | s, fl/picc/a fl, ob, cl/b cl, perc, man, hp, pf, vn, va, db |
Copland | As it fell upon a day (1923) | s, fl, cl | |
Corigliano | Three Irish Folksong settings (1988) | s, fl | |
Crumb | Ancient voices of children (1970) | s, boy s, tr,ob, man, hp, 3 perc, e pf | |
Crumb | Federico’s little songs for children (1986) | s, picc/fl/a fl/b fl, hp | |
Crumb | Apparition (1980) | AP | s, amp pf |
Crumb | Night of the four moons (1969) | a, a fl (picc), bjo, e vc, perc | |
Crumb | Madrigal I (1965) | ms, db, perc | |
Crumb | Madrigal II (1965) | ms, picc/fl/a fl, perc | |
Debussy | Trio-sonate (1915) | fl, va, hp | |
Debussy | Ariettes oubliées (1903) | s, pf | |
Delage | Quatre poemes hindous (1913) | s, fl, ob, cl, bsn, pf/hp, str4t | |
Denisov | Archipel de songes (1994) | s, a fl, vib, pf | |
Erkoreka | Bizitza (1998) | AP | ms, fl(picc), cl, bsn, perc, vn, vc, db |
Falla | Les colombes (1909) | ms, pf | |
Falla | Psyché (1913) | ms, fl, hp, str trio | |
Feldman | voices and cello (1973) | s, ms, vc | |
Ficarra | Full Fathom Five from Submarine (2002) | AP | ms, pf, tape |
Finnissy | Three Motets (1991/2005) | AP | s, solo vln/ s, va/ ms, vc |
Firsova | Seven Haiku after Matsuo Basho op. 47 (1991) | AP | s, gui |
Fujikura | Still sweet (1998) | AP | ms, a fl, va |
Fujikura | Being as One (2013) | AP | sop, b.cl, vc |
Gerhard | Sept Haiku (1922/58) | ms, fl, ob, cl, bsn, pf | |
Ginastera | Punena No. 2 (1976) | vc solo | |
Glowicka | Luminescence (2009) | AP | s, a, a, t, b, electronics |
Glowicka | Opalescence (2006) | WP | s, s, ms, live electronics |
Glowicka | Summer’s Day Sonnets (2000/2004) | AP | ms, str4t |
Golijov | How slow the wind (2001) | s, st4t | |
Gorecki | Good Night (1990) | s, a fl, pf, perc | |
Gubaidulina | Aus den Visionen der Hildegard von Bingen (1994) | a solo | |
Harbison | Mirabai songs (1982) | s, pf | |
Harbison | Mirabai songs (1982) | s, a fl, b cl, perc, hp, vn, va, vc, db | |
Harvey | Lullaby for the Unsleeping (1982) | ms, pf | |
Harvey | Song Offerings (1985) | s, fl/afl, cl, pf, str4t, db/crot | |
Holt | Three songs from Six Caprices (1998) | AP | ms solo |
Hui | Lacrymosa (1996) | AP | s, cl, pf |
Hui | 3 Longfellow songs (1985-88) | AP | ms, pf |
Hui | Two songs on poems from Longfellow (2019 version for voice and ensemble) | WP, C | ms, fl, vc, gui, perc |
Ibert | Deux steles orientées(1925) | s, fl | |
Isaksson | Blad över blad WP | WP | s, ms, vc |
Ives | Sunrise (1926) | ms, vln, pf | |
James | Ophelia (2004) | AP | fl, pf |
Kaipainen | Sonnet 43 (1994) | AP | s, pf |
Kim | Three Poems in French (1989) | ms, str4t | |
Kim | Now and then (1982) | s, fl, va, hp | |
Kim | Where Grief Slumbers (1982) | s, hp, strings | |
Knussen | Whitman Settings (1991) | s, pf | |
Lam | Amitabha (2002) | WP | s, ms, fl, cor a, vn, va |
Larsen | Liebeslied and Do you know? AP From Beloved, thou hast brought me flowers (1994) | AP | ms, vc, pf |
Leeuw | Song I & III from Haiku: Songs and Interludes for voice and piano (1963) | ms, pf | |
LeFanu | The Bourne and The Swallow from Rossetti Songs | s, ms, ms | |
LeFanu | Songs for Jane (2020 version for mezzo and cello) | WP, C | ms, vc |
LeFanu | The Tongue and the Heart (2008) | AP | s, vc |
Ligeti | Sippál, Dobbál, Nádihegedüvel (2000) | ms, 4 perc | |
Lombardo | At Parting Now, Harvest Moon from Three Haiku (c.2000) | AP | ms, fl |
Lombardo | Two Love Songs (2014) | AP | ms, va |
Lutyens | The Valley of Hatsu-se (1965) | AP | s, fl/a fl, cl, vc, pf |
Macmillan | Raising Sparks (1999) | ms, fl, cl, str4t, pf, hp | |
Maconchy | Sun, Moon and Stars (1978) | s, pf | |
Matthews | Strugnell's Haiku(1990) | s, pf | |
McGuire | Celtic Knotwork (1994) | AP | s, s, ms |
Messiaen | Poèmes pour mi Book 1 (1936) | s, pf | |
Miki | Sohmon III (1988) | s, pf, perc | |
Montsalvatge | Canciones para niños (1964) | ms, pf | |
Panufnik | The Spirit of the Saints (2007) | s, s, ms, ms, hp | |
Poulenc | 33 songs | v, pf | |
Ravel | Chansons madécasses (1926) | ms, fl, vc, pf | |
Ravel | Trois poemes de Stéphane Mallarmé (1913) | ms, picc, fl, cl, b cl, pf, str4t | |
Reich | Music for 18 Musicians (1974-76) | s, s, ms, ms, ensemble | |
Reich | Know What is Above You (1999) | AP | s, s, ms, ms, 2 perc |
Reich | Daniel Variations (2006) | AP | s, s, t, t, ensemble |
Reich | Tehillim (1981) | s, s, ms, ms, ensemble | |
Reich | Drumming (1970-71) | s, s, ms, ensemble | |
Rorem | Songs | ms, pf | |
Roussel | Deux poemes de Ronsard (1924) | s, fl | |
Saariaho | Neh och inte (1979) | AP | s,s, ms, ms |
Saariaho | Cendres (1998) | a fl, vc, pf | |
Saariaho | Du gick, flog (1982) | s, pf | |
Saariaho | Grammaire des Reves (1988-89) | AP | s, ms, 2 fl, va, vc, hp |
Saariaho | The Tempest Songbook (1993-2004) | AP | s, ms, bar, ensemble |
Saariaho | Lonh (1996) | soprano, electronics | |
Saariaho | Quatre messages (1999) | s, s, fl, hp | |
Saariaho | Nuits, adieux (1991/1996) | s, a, t, b, mixed choir | |
Saariaho | Nuits, adieux (1991/1996) | s, a, t, b, solo and electronics | |
Salonen | Floof (1988/90) | AP | s, cl, cb cl, perc, pf, synth, vc |
Satoh | The Heavenly Spheres are Illuminated By Lights (1979) | s, pf, perc | |
Satoh | Homa (1988) | s, str4t | |
Schwantner | Black Anemones(1980) | AP | s, pf |
Schwantner | Sparrows (1978) | s, fl, cl, vn, va, vc, hp, pf, perc | |
Stravinsky | Three Japanese Lyrics (1912-1913) | AP | s, pf |
Stravinsky | Two poems of Konstantin Balmont (1911) | s, pf | |
Stravinsky | Three Shakespeare songs(1953) | ms, fl, cl, va | |
Tann | Winter Sun, Summer Rain (1986) | AP | fl, cl, va, vc, cel |
Tann | Llef (1995) | AP | fl, vc |
Tavener | Akhmatova songs (1993) | AP | s, vc |
Tippett | Songs for Ariel (1962) | ms, pf | |
Ung | Aura (2006) | AP | s, ms, ensemble |
Van Parys | Three Mew Poems (2004) | AP | ms, fl, vc, pf |
Vidales | Four Basho Haiku (2008) | AP | s, perc |
Vivier | Bouchara (1981) | AP | s, fl, ob, cl, hn, bsn, perc, 2 vn, va, vc, db |
Wishart | Vox 2 (1982-84) | AP | s, a, t, b, electronics |